Mengenal Taksonomi Digital Bloom

Taksonomi Bloom

Pada tahun 1956, Benjamin Bloom mengembangkan taksonomi berdasarkan sisi kognitif yang kemudian dikenal dengan Taksonomi Bloom. Taksonomi sebenarnya hanya sebuah kata untuk bentuk klasifikasi. Temuannya ini mencoba untuk mengklasifikasikan dan mengurutkan kemampuan berpikir manusia. Taksonomi ini mengikuti bagaimana proses berpikir manusia. Dia menyebutkan:

You cannot understand a concept if you do not first remember it, similarly you cannot apply knowledge and concepts if you do not understand them.

Hal ini merupakan kelanjutan dari Lower Order Thingking Skills (LOTS) ke Higher Order Thingking Skills (HOTS). Bloom mendeskripsikan masing-masing kategori proses tersebut sebagai sebuah nomina atau kata benda yang disusun sebagaimana pada gambar di bawah ini.

Churces (2007)

Taksonomi Bloom edisi Revisi

Pada tahun 1990-an, mantan murid Bloom yang bernama Lorin Anderson menyusun Taksonomi Bloom edisi revisi dan mempublikasikannya sebagai Taksonomi Bloom edisi Revisi pada tahun 2001. Faktor kunci pembeda dari taksonomi ini adalah digunakannya verba atau kata kerja sebagai pengganti nomina untuk tiap kategori. Kedua, adanya pengurutan ulang di mana Evaluation yang ada di level 6 pada taksonomi versi awal menjadi ke level 5. Adapun Synthesis yang awalnya ada di level 5 diganti Creating yang berada di level puncak. Untuk lebih jelas dapat diamati pada gambar berikut.

Schultz (2005)

Perbandingan lebih rinci antara Taksonomi Bloom (1956) dan versi Revisi Anderson & Krathwohl (2001) dapat diamati pada tabel berikut.

Sumber: https://thesecondprinciple.com

Taksonomi Digital Bloom

Taksonomi Digital Bloom merupakan pemutakhiran dari Taksonomi Bloom edisi Revisi dalam rangka memperhitungkan kebiasaan, tindakan, dan kesempatan belajar baru mengingat teknologi telah menjalar ke setiap lini kehidupan masyarakat, termasuk dunia pendidikan. Taksonomi Bloom edisi Revisi telah mengikutsertakan beragam praktik, kebiasaan, dan tindakan kelas secara tradisional namun belum memperhitungkan proses dan aksi baru yang berkaitan dengan teknologi web 2.0 dan meningkatkan komputasi di segala bidang.

Mindmap Taksonomi Digital Bloom

Churces (2007)

Catatan: Kata kerja yang berwarna hitam merupakan kata kerja operasional (KKO) edisi revisi, sedangkan kata kerja yang berwarna biru merupakan KKO adopsi untuk kata kerja digital. 

Agar pemahaman tentang Taksonomi Digital Bloom dapat lebih jelas, berikut saya cuplik sebagaimana aslinya, rincian kata kerja operasional dari tulisan Churches (2007) dengan judul Bloom's Digital Taxonomy.

Remembering - Mengingat

Remembering adalah ketika memori digunakan untuk menghasilkan sebuah definisi, aktivitas yang memungkinkan bagi ranah digital adalah searching, highlighting, group networking, bookmarking.

• Bullet pointing – This is analogous to listing but in a digital format.
• Highlighting – This is a key element of most productivity suites; encouraging students to pick out and highlight key words and phrases is a technique for recall.
• Bookmarking or favorite-ing – this is where the students mark for later use web sites, resources and files. Students can then organise these.
• Social networking – this is where people develop networks of friends and associates. It forges and creates links between different people. Like social bookmarks (see below) a social network can form a key element of collaborating and networking.
• Social bookmarking – this is an online version of local bookmarking or favorites, It is more advanced because you can draw on others' bookmarks and tags. While higher order thinking skills like collaborating and sharing, can and do make use of these skills, this is its simplest form - a simple list of sites saved to an online format rather than locally to the machine.
• Searching or "Googling" - Search engines are now key elements of students' research. At its simplest the student is just entering a key word or phrase into the basic entry pane of the search engine. This skill does not refine the search beyond the key word or term.

Kata Kerja Operasional - Remembering: recognizing, listing, describing, identifying, retrieving, naming, locating, finding, bullet pointing, highlighting, bookmarking, social networking, social bookmarking, favorite-ing/local bookmarking, searching, Googling.

Understanding - Memahami

Understanding adalah mengkonstruksi sebuah pemahaman dari sebuah konsep dan dapat menjelaskan ke dalam tulisan atau gambar, kegiatan yang sesuai adalah categorising and tagging, commenting and annotating, subscribing, blog journaling.

• Advanced and Boolean Searching – This is a progression from the previous category. Students require a greater depth of understanding to be able to create, modify and refine searches to suit their search needs.
• Blog Journaling – This is the simplest of the uses for a blog, where a student simply "talks" "writes" or "types" a daily- or task-specific journal. This shows a basic understanding of the activity reported upon. The blog can be used to develop higher level thinking when used for discussion and collaboration.
• Twittering – The Twitter site's fundamental question is "what are you doing?" This can be, in its most simplistic form, a one or two word answer, but when developed this is a tool that lends itself to developing understanding and potentially starting collaboration.
• Categorizing – digital classification - organizing and classifying files, web sites and materials using folders etc.
• Commenting and annotating – a variety of tools exist that allow the user to comment and annotate on web pages, .pdf files and other documents. The user is developing understanding by simply commenting on the pages. This is analogous with writing notes on hand outs, but is potentially more powerful as you can link and index these.
• Subscribing – Subscription takes bookmarking in its various forms and simplistic reading one level further. The act of subscription by itself does not show or develop understanding but often the process of reading and revisiting the subscribed-to feeds leads to greater understanding.

Kata Kerja Operasional - Understanding: interpreting, summarizing, inferring, paraphrasing, classifying, comparing, explaining, exemplifying, advanced searching, Boolean searching, blog journaling, twittering, categorising and tagging, commenting, annotating, subscribing.

Applying - Mengaplikasikan

Applying adalah mengimplementasikan sebuah konsep dalam situasi yang berbeda. Aktivitas yang sesuai dengan ranah digital adalah playing, editing, uploading and sharing, running and operating.

• Running and operating – This is the action of initiating a program or operating and manipulating hardware and applications to obtain a basic goal or objective.
• Playing – The increasing emergence of games as a mode of education leads to the inclusion of this term in the list. Students who successfully play or operate a game are showing understanding of process and task and application of skills.
• Uploading and Sharing - uploading materials to websites and the sharing of materials via sites like flickr etc. This is a simple form of collaboration, a higher order thinking skill.
• Hacking – hacking in its simpler forms is applying a simple set of rules to achieve a goal or objective.
• Editing – With most media, editing is a process or a procedure that the editor employs.

Kata Kerja Operasional Applying: implementing, carrying out, using, executing, running, loading, playing, operating, hacking, uploading, sharing, editing.

Analysing - Menganalisis

Analyzing merupakan proses memecah informasi atau konsep ke dalam bagian-bagian yang lebih sederhana, lalu menentukan hubungan antar bagian. Aktivitas digital yang sesuai adalah mashing, linking, cracking dan reverse -engineering.

• Mashing – mash ups are the integration of several data sources into a single resource. Mashing data currently is a complex process but as more options and sites evolve this will become an increasingly easy and accessible means of analysis.
• Linking – this is establishing and building links within and outside of documents and web pages.
• Reverse-engineering – this is analogous with deconstruction. It is also related to cracking often with out the negative implications associated with this.
• Cracking – cracking requires the cracker to understand and operate the application or system being cracked, analyse its strengths and weaknesses and then exploit these.
• Validating – With the wealth of information available to students combined with the lack of authentication of data, students of today and tomorrow must be able to validate the veracity of their information sources. To do this they must be able to analyse the data sources and make judgements based on these.
• Tagging – This is organising, structuring and attributing online data, meta-tagging web pages etc. Students need to be able understand and analyse the content of the pages to be able to tag it.

Kata Kerja Operasional - Analysing: comparing, organising, deconstructing, attributing, outlining, finding, structuring, integrating, mashing, linking, reverse-engineering, cracking, mind-mapping, validating, tagging.

Evaluating - Mengevaluasi

Evaluating adalah membuat penilaian berdasarkan standar dan kriteria yang ada, maka aktivitas yang sesuai adalah blog/vlog commenting, posting, moderating, collaborating and networking, testing (alpha and beta), validating.

• Blog/vlog commenting and reflecting – Constructive criticism and reflective practice are often facilitated by the use of blogs and video blogs. Students commenting and replying to postings have to evaluate the material in context and reply.
• Posting – posting comments to blogs, discussion boards, threaded discussions. These are increasingly common elements of students' daily practice. Good postings like good comments, are not simple one-line answers but rather are structured and constructed to evaluate the topic or concept.
• Moderating – This is high level evaluation; the moderator must be able to evaluate a posting or comment from a variety of perspectives, assessing its worth, value and appropriateness.
• Collaborating and networking – Collaboration is an increasing feature of education. In a world increasingly focused on communication, collaboration leading to collective intelligence is a key aspect. Effective collaboration involves evaluating the strengths and abilities of the participants and evaluating the contribution they make. Networking is a feature of collaboration, contacting and communicating with relevant person via a network of associates.
• Testing (Alpha and Beta) – Testing of applications, processes and procedures is a key element in the development of any tool. To be an effective tester you must have the ability to analyze the purpose of the tool or process, what its correct function should be and what its current function is.

Kata Kerja Operasional – Evaluating: checking, hypothesising, critiquing, experimenting, judging, testing, detecting, monitoring, (blog/vlog) commenting, reviewing, posting, moderating, collaborating, networking, reflecting, (alpha & beta) testing.

Creating - Menciptakan

Ringkasan

Menghubungkan karakteristik Taksonomi  Bloom edisi Revisi diperlukan untuk menciptakan kegiatan pembelajaran online yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan siswa saat ini. Taksonomi Digital Bloom membantu para pendidik dalam menavigasi berbagai alat digital dan membuat pilihan berdasarkan jenis pengalaman belajar yang melibatkan siswa. Memilih aktivitas digital yang paling tepat akan tergantung pada tingkat kesulitan aktivitas terkait dengan tingkat kognitif yang dinyatakan dalam Taksonomi Revisi Bloom. Penerapannya juga akan sangat bergantung pada kesiapan guru dan infrastuktur sekolah, di samping kesiapan digital para siswa. Semoga sindiran

"21st century kids are being taught by 20th century adults using 19th century curriculum and techniques on an 18th century calendar." Tom Hierck, Penulis dan Konsultan Pendidikan

mulai ditepis dengan bermunculannya kelas-kelas digital (yang benar-benar digital) di Indonesia.